v:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
Normal
0
false
false
false
false
EN-US
ZH-CN
X-NONE
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:”Table Normal”;
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:””;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;}
Name:
Instructor:
Course:
Use the ExamPrep to Get Ready for Exams
This sheet is designed to help you prepare for your exams. The chapter has been boiled
down to its key concepts. You are asked to answer questions, define terms, draw
graphs, and, if you wish, add summaries of class notes.
Firms, Profits, and Economic Costs
Define each of the following terms:
Sole proprietorships:
Partnerships:
Corporations:
Profit:
Explicit costs:
Economic costs:
Accounting profit:
Economic profit:
Normal profit:
Production in the Short Run
Define each of the following terms:
Average product:
1
Marginal product:
Explain the law of diminishing marginal returns.
Costs of Production
Define the following terms, using formulas where appropriate:
Fixed costs:
Sunk costs:
Variable costs:
Average fixed costs:
Average variable costs:
Average total costs:
Marginal costs:
Use the axes below to illustrate the following short-run curves.
Average fixed costs
Average variable costs
Average total costs
Marginal costs
(Hint: Keep in mind that the minimum point on the AVC curve comes at a lower output
than the minimum point on the ATC curve. Also, the marginal cost curve goes through
both minimum points.)
2
Describe the relationship between long-run average total cost and the following:
Economies of scale:
Diseconomies of scale:
Constant returns to scale:
Explain the difference between economies of scale and economies of scope.
3
Name:
Instructor:
Course:
Essay Problems
Answer in the space provided.
Learning and applying cost and production concepts can be challenging. Don’t get
discouraged if your answers are not always the same as those we suggest. Use these
as guidelines, but more importantly, to help you learn some of the difficult issues
surrounding firms, production, and costs.
1. Why are entrepreneurs important for any economy?
2. To get a porch built on your house, you have to apply for a permit, go before the local
zoning board and explain your request, and hire a contractor to do the work. Why is
appearing before the zoning board an implicit cost in this case?
3. Suppose a bank invests $1,000,000 in U.S. bonds and earns 2% interest (or
$20,000) per year. What are the implicit costs associated with this investment? How
are these implicit costs relevant in the decision of where to invest?
4
4. Suppose a lawyer is deciding whether or not to take on a new case. The lawyer
estimates that if he takes on the case, he will receive a payout of approximately
$20,000. On what does the decision of whether or not to take on this case depend?
5. If interest rates go up, will existing normal profits be sufficient to keep investors in the
firm happy?
6. Explain why it is important for small businesses to have an accurate estimate of fixed
costs even though fixed costs are irrelevant to profit-maximizing decisions.
7. In the short run, why is marginal cost so much more important for average variable
cost than for average fixed cost?
5
8. Suppose a firm’s average total costs are currently $25 and their average variable
costs are currently $20. The marginal costs associated with producing the next unit is
$22. What will happen to their average total costs if they produce this unit (will they
increase, decrease, or stay the same)? What will happen to their average variable
costs? Explain how we know.
9. Hotrod Skateboards has the following costs:
wages
rent
wheels
boards
paint
insurance
Which of these are fixed costs, and which are variable costs?
6
10. Complete the following production and cost table. Plot the ATC, AVC, and MC
curves on the graph.
7
Chapter 7: Production and
Costs
11. Use the figure to answer the following questions.
COURSETUTOR WORKSHEET
a. What output level has the lowest average variable cost?
b. At what point is marginal cost equal to average variable cost?
c. Minimum average total cost is equal to _____.
d. Why is the minimum point on the ATC curve at 35 units above the minimum point on
the AVC curve at 30 units?
e. Why does the marginal cost curve cross through the minimum points on the ATC and
AVC curves?
12. Will the LRATC curve for an oil refinery be bumpy or smooth?
8
13. In the long run, would you categorize the personal computer industry as a
decreasing cost, a constant cost, or an increasing cost industry? Explain.
9