Assignment Paper

Question 1

How would Earth change if the greenhouse effect didn’t exist at all?

		Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would radiate all its heat into space.
		All the incoming sunlight energy would be absorbed without the greenhouse effect.
		The result of no greenhouse effect would be an extremely hot planet that never cools down.
		Animals and plants would survive comfortably, and the average temperature would never change if the greenhouse effect did not exist.

2 points

Question 2

How do scientists “know” the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide that existed on Earth hundreds or thousands of years ago?

		They deduce it from the carbon dioxide content of fossil fuels.
		They measure it from bubbles of gas trapped in Antarctic ice.
		They estimate it from the relative numbers of carbon-based life forms that existed over time.
		They measure it from erupting volcanoes, bubbling hot springs, and seeping hydrothermal vents.

2 points

Question 3

Burning fossil fuels can result in

		a decrease in ground-level ozone levels.
		a decrease in carbon dioxide levels.
		an increase in mercury levels.
		a decrease in acid rain.

2 points

Question 4

Developed countries are characterized by

		industrial economies and low individual incomes.
		agricultural economies and high individual incomes.
		agricultural economies and low individual incomes.
		industrial economies and high individual incomes.

2 points

Question 5

How does the greenhouse effect work?

		Rocks, soil, and water on Earth’s surface absorb sunlight energy and radiate it as heat.
		The energy from sunlight passes through the transparent water of the oceans and heats up the Earth’s core.
		Some sunlight energy that hits Earth radiates toward space, but some is trapped by atmospheric gases.
		All the sunlight energy striking Earth bounces off the planet and radiates into space.

2 points

Question 6

Which of the following experiments would not be considered an ecological study?

		the effect of a housing development on a spotted salamander population in a vernal pool
		the effect of changing availability of acorns on a population of squirrels
		the effect of a red tide outbreak on sea birds in the area
		the effect of a hormone on the rate of blood vessel formation

2 points

Question 7

Growth rates appear to be declining in many human populations because

		families are choosing to have fewer children.
		death rates are increasing due to disease epidemics and famines.
		birth rates are decreasing due to famine.
		the carrying capacity has been reached.

2 points

Question 8

A population has reached the carrying capacity of the environment when

		the environment can’t support a further increase in the population.
		the environment can’t support the current population.
		it has entered an extended period of exponential growth.
		the food supply in that particular environment begins to decrease.

2 points

Question 9

Americans make up less than ________ of the total human population, yet use close to ________ of the world’s resources.

		1%; 50%
		5%; 25%
		0.1%; 75%
		0.01%; 80%

2 points

Question 10

Which of the following projects would be conducted by an ecologist?

		a research project testing new pollution filters for cars
		a study of squirrels and their interactions with other animals
		observations of toad embryos’ development in a Petri dish
		a project to genetically modify a wheat plant in order to increase production

2 points

Question 11

Which of the following can be considered a predator?

		dandelion
		wood warbler
		honey bee
		cow

2 points

Question 12

Which of the following has dramatically decreased infant mortality in human populations?

		a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy
		the use of pesticides to reduce mosquito populations
		the choice made by educated women to have fewer children
		an increase in poverty in developed countries

2 points

Question 13

Over the past two centuries, the growth of human population has

		leveled off slowly.
		increased steadily.
		exhibited “boom and bust” growth.
		increased exponentially.

2 points

Question 14

Which of the following is the proper equation for photosynthesis?

		6CO2 + 6O2 + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6H2O
		6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
		C6H12O6 + 6O2 + sunlight 6CO2 + 6H2O
		O2 + H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + CO2

2 points

Question 15

According to the graph, by how many parts per million has the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide changed between 1980 and 2010?

		about 20 ppm
		about 50 ppm
		about 80 ppm
		about 110 ppm

2 points

Question 16

Which of the following is a density-dependent factor?

		decrease in temperature
		increase in waste production
		decrease in frequency of hurricanes
		increase in rainfall

2 points

Question 17

The process of photosynthesis transforms solar energy into ________ energy.

		chemical
		mechanical
		heat
		kinetic

2 points

Question 18

Approximately how many people are on Earth today?

		7,000,000
		70,000,000
		700,000,000
		7,000,000,000

2 points

Question 19

Exponential growth, when graphed, appears as a(n)

		straight line.
		“S” curve.
		“J” curve.
		wavy line that goes up and down regularly.

2 points

Question 20

What can happen to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

		It can be released into space from the atmosphere.
		It can be converted to glucose by plants.
		It can be converted into carbon monoxide by the oceans.
		It can react with nitrogen to form fossil fuels.

2 points

Question 21

A decrease in the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere would result in

		cooler average global temperatures.
		warmer average global temperatures.
		no change in average global temperatures.
		cooler temperatures in the northern hemisphere and warmer temperatures in the southern hemisphere.

2 points

Question 22

The role a species plays in an ecosystem is called its

		niche.
		trophic level.
		biophilia.
		biomass.

2 points

Question 23

Which of the following is represented by a completely “columnar” population pyramid?

		proportionally more young than middle-aged or elderly
		equal proportions of young, middle-aged, and elderly
		proportionally more middle-aged and elderly than young
		proportionally more middle-aged than elderly and/or young

2 points

Question 24

Which of these would be the most likely effect on precipitation from global warming?

		an increase in the months of snowfall in higher latitudes
		a decrease in the amount of snowfall on mountaintops
		an increase in the amount of rainfall in every climate
		a decrease in the amount of rainfall near oceans

2 points

Question 25

According to this plot, growth rate and doubling time are

		directly proportional.
		inversely proportional.
		not related to one another.
		equally proportional to one another.

2 points

Question 26

Energy in ecosystems:

	a.	cycles from the sun to plants, then to animals, then back to the sun
	b.	cycles from the sun to animals, then to decomposers
	c.	travels only one way from the sun, to plants, then to animals
	d.	increases as you pass from one trophic level to the next higher level
	e.	is returned from decomposers to the soil, where it can be picked up by plants

2 points

Question 27

A(n) ________ could exert the most influence to speed the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

		individual
		business owner
		nonprofit corporation
		policy maker

2 points

Question 28

All individuals of all species living within an area of interest represent a(n)

		ecosystem.
		community.
		population.
		trophic level.

2 points

Question 29

According to scientists, how do the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today compare to the past 400,000 years?

		There’s more atmospheric carbon dioxide today.
		There’s less atmospheric carbon dioxide today.
		There have been no changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
		Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have fluctuated randomly.

2 points

Question 30

Which of the following would most likely result in a population represented by an “inverted triangular” population pyramid, which is heaviest at the top?

		rapid population growth
		population stabilization
		a “boom and bust” cycle
		a population decline

2 points

Question 31

What are fossil fuels?

		carbon-rich remains of plants and microorganisms
		underground deposits of carbon dioxide
		accumulations of partially decomposed dinosaurs
		timber from old-growth forests

2 points

Question 32

Human populations may surpass the carrying capacity of their environment due to

		temporary reliance on stored or nonrenewable resources.
		sudden population crashes.
		increases in death rates as the population growth approaches carrying capacity.
		decreases in birth rates as resources are depleted.

2 points

Question 33

As the size of a population approaches the carrying capacity of its environment, which of following is true?

		the growth rate increases
		a graph of population growth resembles a “J”
		the population stabilizes at its maximum size
		birth rates become proportionally much greater than the death rates

2 points

Question 34

Most of the energy contained in one trophic level is “lost” when it gets to the next trophic level. The lost energy takes the form of

		free electrons.
		metabolic heat.
		potential energy, in chemical bonds.
		kinetic energy, in the motion of consumers.

2 points

Question 35

The greenhouse effect is most similar to

		heating up the air inside a car by parking it in the sun.
		warming the air for a hot-air balloon with a propane burner.
		burning kerosene in a heater to warm up the air inside a cold house.
		growing plants in your office to reduce indoor air pollution.

2 points

Question 36

The carrying capacity of a population is represented as

		K.
		r.
		J.
		S.

2 points

Question 37

When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools remains stable for many years and the population has stabilized because of resource limits, then

		density dependence is not involved.
		predation has decreased.
		carrying capacity has been reached.
		density independence occurs.

2 points

Question 38

Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?

		solar energy
		hydrogen fuel cell
		wind power
		natural gas

2 points

Question 39

Which of the following is a population-limiting, density-dependent factor?

		a heavy flood that destroys a large area around a river
		a heat wave in which some organisms can’t survive
		a drought that limits food availability
		the rapid spread of tuberculosis in heavily populated areas

2 points

Question 40

Which of these human activities has directly contributed to global warming?

		burning of coal
		building of greenhouses
		planting of trees
		development of solar energy

2 points

Question 41

A food chain in the open ocean, from the base up, would be

		zooplankton, phytoplankton, tuna, cod.
		phytoplankton, zooplankton, sand lance, humpback.
		shark, cod, phytoplankton, zooplankton.
		albatross, cod, zooplankton, phytoplankton.

2 points

Question 42

The plants that made up fossil fuels lived around ________ years ago.

		300,000,000,000
		300,000,000
		300,000
		30,000

2 points

Question 43

Which of these activities could help you to slow the rate of global warming?

		only buy food in plastic containers
		drive faster than the speed limit
		replace an old refrigerator with a new one
		mow the grass more frequently

2 points

Question 44

Based on the population pyramid of the United States in 2010, as seen in this figure, you can predict that the population will

		be in a demographic transition.
		experience a decrease.
		experience a decrease after a period of high demographic momentum.
		remain relatively stable due to low demographic momentum.

2 points

Question 45

True or false: Nearly all developed countries in the world are beginning a demographic transition in the 21st century.

True

False

2 points

Question 46

True or false: Scientists agree on the size of the carrying capacity of Earth for the human population.

True

False

2 points

Question 47

True or false: The human population may continue to increase even though it surpasses carrying capacity.

True

False

2 points

Question 48

True or false: In general, developed countries have lower population growth rates than less developed countries.

True

False

2 points

Question 49

True or false: Most developed countries have passed through a demographic transition and currently have low population growth rates.

True

False

2 points

Question 50

True or false: The average American uses as many resources in one day as 370 Ethiopians.

True

False

2 points

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