1st Section of the Researched Argument/Abstract
(In my view, the most difficult and most important section)

Set The Stage:
A) “This” is the overall issue/debate regarding ____________.
B) _________ argue(s) that _________ (parse “this” out).
C) But, what is missing/confusing/inconsistent from/about “this” is __________.
D) So, the research question/problem at this point seems to be _______________.
E) (In response to this research issue, I will argue that ______________.)

Abstract Example:
This paper examines the A) current debate about the nature of democracy and discusses the main theses of the approach called ‘deliberative democracy’ in its two main versions, the one put forward by B) John Rawls, and the other one put forward by Jürgen Habermas. While agreeing with them as regards to the need to develop more of a democracy than the one offered by the ‘aggregative’ model, C) I submit that they do not provide an adequate understanding of the main task of democracy. No doubt, by stating that democracy cannot be reduced to a question of procedures to mediate among conflicting interests, deliberative democrats defend a conception of democracy that presents a richer conception of politics. But, albeit in a different way than the view they criticize, their vision is also a rationalist one which leaves aside the crucial role played by ‘passions’ and collective forms of identifications in the field of politics.
D) Moreover, in their attempt to reconcile the liberal tradition with the democratic one, deliberative democrats tend to erase the tension that exist between liberalism and democracy and they are therefore unable to come to terms with the conflictual nature of democratic politics.
E) The main claim that I put forward in this article is that democratic theory needs to acknowledge the permanence of agonism and the impossibility of achieving a fully inclusive rational consensus. I argue that a model of democracy in terms of ‘agonistic pluralism’ can help us to better envisage the main challenge facing democratic politics today: how to create democratic forms of identifications that will contribute to mobilize passions towards democratic designs.

A) Overall issue is about giving by the wealthy
B) Singer—preconceived notion of human behavior (all wealthy people are altruistic)
Callahan—preconceived notion of human behavior (all wealthy people are prone to stay wealthy)
C/D) Is human ethical behavior based on economic status?
E) It seems to be based on economic status.

A) Overall issue concerns the relationship between giving and motives
B) Singer requires giving without personal motives
Callahan argues that all people have ulterior motives especially with regard to giving
C) How much do our motives effect our (ethical) decisions?
D) Is effective altruism obtainable based on ethics rather than motives?
E) Unobtainable in our society (current)—(everything is influenced by outside forces)