Final Examination Questions
Instructions:
• Answer each question concisely, under three pages per question. Include relevant diagrams, images, and literature references. Demonstrate that you understand the concepts covered.
Submit your answers on the course Assignments page

1. (15 points) Briefly discuss the process of signal digitization. What determines optimal sampling frequency? What is bit depth? How do sampling frequency and bit depth affect data resolution? How does signal digitization impact the various analytical methods covered this term?
2. (25 points) Briefly describe the various optical configurations for light microscopy. What are the advantages of each method? What factors determine optical resolution, depth of focus, and image aberration?
3. (25 points) Describe the evolution of glucose biosensors from the Leland 1962 model to the present continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). What parts of the technology are the same and how has the technology advanced? Do CGMs need to be calibrated; how is this performed?
4. (10 points) Describe the common analytical techniques used in genomics.
5. (25 points) A protein of interest was observed on 2-D electrophoresis gels. Following extraction from the gel, the protein was digested with trypsin and analyzed by MS/MS. One of the resulting peptides gave a doubly charged parent ion with m/z 708.4 and the spectrum shown below.