Introduction to Science Posttest (13 questions) Required text book: Evolution is Supported by an Overwhelming Amount of Scientific Evidence from Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2014). Biology (10th ed. pp. 16-21). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. **Please let me know if any of the questions cannot be answered using the book, and I can forward the additional sources. Posttest (TPost) One of the questions on this test is an extended essay question where you will craft a multi-paragraph response. This essay should include the following writing elements: Introduction, Multi-paragraph Body, Conclusion. This extended essay will be assessed on the following scoring criteria (“rubric”): Content, Organization of ideas, and Mechanics (i.e. punctuation, grammar, tone, usage, capitalization, APA citing). Sources Policy Although use of sources is prohibited for Pretests, they may be acceptable for Posttests if certain guidelines are followed. Sources must: • Be accompanied by at least 3-4 lines of original text for each line of quoted, summarized, or paraphrased material • Derive from appropriate primary source • Properly credit the author per APA citation guidelines, both in-text and as a reference at the end of the response. Question 1 Analyze the steps used to prevent mutations when a cell is stressed. Use the p53 gene as an example in this process. Question 2 What, if any, are the negative impacts of keeping such fields of inquiry as science and religion separate? Provide examples to support your answer. Question 3 Using a cancer with a hereditary component as an example, explain how an inherited gene abnormality increases the risk for cancer. Use an example other than the p53 gene in answering the question. Question 4 If you discovered a fossil of an extinct mammal that lived high in the Andes, would you predict that it would more closely resemble present-day mammals from South American jungles or present-day mammals that live high in African mountains? Explain. Question 5 How would you evaluate hypotheses when reading science in the news? Explain how this would occur for both correlation and experimental tests of hypotheses. Question 6 Explain the evolution of drug resistant bacteria using MRSA as an example. Question 7 Some vestigial structures persist because they may still have slight function or did in the very recent past. Wisdom teeth, which erupt in early adulthood and often have to be removed because they do not “fit” in a modern person’s jaw, are sometimes considered vestigial, but they may have had a function in the recent past. Why might wisdom teeth have persisted over the course of human evolution? Question 8 Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning? Select one: a. All cows eat grass. b. My cow eats grass and my neighbor’s cow eats grass; therefore all cows probably eat grass. c. If all cows eat grass, when I examine a random sample of all the cows in Minnesota, I will find that they all eat grass. d. Cows may or may not eat grass, depending on the type of farm where they live. Question 9 List some factors that have fuelled globalization. Question 10 Analyze the reasons why pseudoscience is not a true science and outline what it lacks in terms of a true science. Question 11 Compare and contrast inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning. Provide an example of each type of reasoning and use that example in the context of the scientific method by showing how the different types of reasoning play a role in the entire process. ***Note, this is an extended essay question, worth 40 points. The response should be formatted in multi-paragraph essay with attention to essay structure, grammar mechanics, and APA formatting.*** Question 12 What property of cancer cells do chemotherapeutic agents attempt to exploit? Question 13 Define the role of both proto-oncogene and oncogene genes in cancer suppression and in cancer development.